Combining Solar Arrays: Series vs. Parallel

This guide here is meant to cover the basics, all you need to know on how to combine solar arrays. We also let you know which inverter we like.

How to Combine Solar Arrays

Let's Talk About Connecting Arrays

If you already have two separate solar arrays or you’re planning new ones, and you’re thinking of an upgrade to hybrid inverter and battery storage system, it’s imperative to understand how to connect your two arrays. So, in this specific solar topic, we’ll have a look at the option of connecting your array in series or parallel, and finally give you a tip on which is best.

Breaking Down a Common Scenario

In this scenario, you have two separate solar arrays:

Array 1: 8 panels producing 260V DC and 2000 watts.

Array 2: 2 panels producing 60V DC and 800 watts.

Each array has its own grid-tied inverter, and they are located about 20 yards apart. The goal is to upgrade to a hybrid inverter and incorporate a battery for energy storage.

Series vs. Parallel Connections

Series Connection

Connecting solar panels in series involves linking the positive terminal of one panel to the negative terminal of the next. This setup increases the overall voltage while keeping the current (amperage) the same. For example:

If you connect Array 1 (260V) and Array 2 (60V) in series, the combined voltage would be 320V (260V + 60V), but the wattage remains the sum of both arrays' wattages.

Parallel Connection

Connecting solar panels in series involves linking the positive terminal of one panel to the negative terminal of the next. This setup increases the overall voltage while keeping the current (amperage) the same. For example:

If you connect Array 1 (260V) and Array 2 (60V) in series, the combined voltage would be 320V (260V + 60V), but the wattage remains the sum of both arrays' wattages.

Choosing the Right Connection

When deciding between series and parallel connections, consider the following factors:

Voltage and Current Matching: The voltage and current of your hybrid inverter should match the input specifications of your PV system. Typically, hybrid inverters are suited to specific voltage and current options.

Efficiency and compatibility: series connections are more efficient for larger distances between arrays, so power is not lost along the way nearly as much as would be done with parallel. However, if the voltages setting out from the arrays are dramatically different, parallel connections might be favoured over series to avoid imbalance issues between them.

Inverter Specifications: Refer to the voltage and current input ranges of your hybrid inverter. If the converged voltage of a series connection is higher than the maximum input voltage of an inverter -- then a parallel connection may be required.

Practical Steps for Combining Arrays

1. Assess Your Inverter’s Capabilities: Review the technical specifications of your chosen hybrid inverter to understand its voltage and current input limits.

2. Voltage Considerations: If the combined voltage in series exceeds your inverter's maximum input voltage, opt for a parallel connection.

3. Distance and Power Loss: Given that your arrays are 20 yards apart, consider the potential power loss over this distance. Series connections might be more efficient in minimizing loss.

4. Battery Integration: Ensure the battery system is compatible with the chosen connection method and that it can handle the combined voltage and current

Our DIY Team Recommends this Hybrid Inverter

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External Resources for Guidance:

Homeowner’s Guide to the Federal Tax Credit for Solar Photovoltaics | Department of Energy

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Example Calculation

For a hybrid inverter with an input voltage range of 100V to 600V and a maximum input current of 20A:

• Series Connection: Total voltage = 320V, which is within the inverter’s range. Current remains at the level of the higher array (assumed to be within range).

• Parallel Connection: Total voltage = 60V, total current = combined current of both arrays (check if this is within the inverter’s range).

Let's Talk about Series Vs. Parallel Setups In Depth

Correctly managing the combined voltage and current for solar arrays is essential for safe and robust operation. Hooking two panels up in series significantly ups the system voltage, which is great – you’ll suffer less power loss over long DC runs, and a higher voltage can help the efficiency of your inverter. You’ll need to bear in mind the inverter’s maximum voltage rating: exceeding it can damage the inverter or shorten its working life.

On the other hand, a parallel connection does all your panels’ current sum up, but keeps the voltage of the lowest one. This is useful if your inverter can handle higher current inputs. Moreover, you could get redundancy: if one panel fails, the others will go on anyway, but with less power.

You likely need a good degree of voltage and power mismatch between your arrays to make your second installation pay for itself, so you will want some form of power optimizer, or preferably microinverters, on each panel of the PV array. Power optimizers and microinverters, which are usually combined, can reduce mismatch losses by ensuring maximum power extraction, depending on both the voltage of the solar panels and voltage condition of the inverter. This configuration can be especially useful in a hybrid system, where battery-charging efficiency and grid-tied operation are key.

Finally, technology that promotes their use by installing it alongside a hybrid inverter. Make sure your system is equipped with a battery-friendly hybrid inverter with flexible charging algorithms and robust management systems. This will guarantee a system that works efficiently, storing excess energy during high periods of production and supplying power during low-production or off-grid moments.

By thinking about these technical nuances, you will be able to build a higher-quality and reliable solar energy system with lower long-term costs, thus allowing your investment to provide efficient and effective support to your energy demands.

Why We Like the SUNGOLDPOWER 10000W 48V Hybrid Inverter

The SUNGOLDPOWER 10000W 48V Hybrid Inverter stands out as a versatile and robust solution for both residential and commercial solar energy systems. Here are several reasons why we highly recommend this product:

1. High Power Output and Efficiency

With a substantial 10,000W power output, this hybrid inverter is capable of handling large solar arrays and significant energy demands. Its pure sine wave inverter ensures high efficiency and compatibility with a wide range of appliances, providing stable and reliable power.

2. Built-in MPPT Solar Controllers

The inclusion of two Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) solar controllers optimizes the energy harvest from your solar panels. MPPT technology maximizes the efficiency of your solar system by adjusting the electrical operating point of the modules, ensuring you get the most power possible, even in varying weather conditions.

3. Flexible Battery Charging and Management

With a maximum battery charging capacity of 200A, this inverter supports rapid and efficient battery charging. It is designed to work with 48V battery systems, making it ideal for both new installations and upgrades. The integrated Battery Management System (BMS) communication ensures your batteries are well-maintained and protected, enhancing their longevity and performance.

4. Versatile AC Input/Output

The SUNGOLDPOWER hybrid inverter offers flexible AC input and output options, supporting both 120V and 240V settings. This versatility makes it suitable for a variety of applications and grid configurations, ensuring seamless integration into your existing power system.

5. Advanced Monitoring and Control

Equipped with WiFi connectivity, this inverter allows for remote monitoring and control, giving you real-time insights into your system's performance. The ability to monitor your system remotely enhances convenience and allows for timely maintenance and troubleshooting.

6. Parallel Capability

For those with larger energy needs, the parallel capability of the SUNGOLDPOWER inverter is a significant advantage. You can connect multiple inverters in parallel to increase your system’s capacity, ensuring scalability and future-proofing your energy setup.

7. Safety and Compliance

This inverter is UL1741 certified, meeting stringent safety and performance standards. The certification ensures that the inverter is safe, reliable, and compliant with industry regulations, providing peace of mind for users.

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